This paper proposes a MULTI-OBJECTIVE function for hourly optimization of microgrids performance through minimizing the operating costs, losses and, voltage deviation index. A fuzzy DECISION-maker is used in this study to select the best solution from the optimally set goals by the Pareto Front beam method. In this paper, the collections of microgrids are separated into several clusters and power transaction between clusters as well as between distribution system and MG clusters, with consideration for the uncertainty of renewable energy resources (RESs), is examined. An hourly robust energy management approach is presented for distribution systems under the penetration of renewable energy-based MGs. In addition to wind turbines and photovoltaics as RESs, the MGs are equipped with energy storage systems and micro-turbines. The uncertainty of renewable generation is demonstrated via the information gap DECISION theory (IGDT) technique. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, it is tested on a 94 bus distribution test system using the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) software. The results show the prominence of MGs clustering in improving the techno-economic characteristics of the distribution system and indicate the important consequences of clustered microgrids in optimal power transaction and distribution system operation.

In the first part (Part I) of this study, a novel fluidized bed reactor was modeled mathematically for methanol synthesis in the presence of in-situ water adsorbent named Sorption Enhanced Fluidizedbed Reactor (SE-FMR) is modeled, mathematically. Here, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is applied for MULTI-OBJECTIVE optimization of this configuration. Inlet temperature of gas phase (Tg), temperature of saturated water (Tshell), total molar flow rate (Ft), diameter of solid adsorbent (ds), mass adsorbent solid to mass catalyst ratio (Mratio) and inlet pressure are selected as the DECISION variables. The production rate of methanol and selectivity is maximized as two objective functions. The Shannon’s Entropy, LINMAP and TOPSIS methods as the three DECISION MAKING approaches are applied to select the final solution of Pareto front. The optimization results approved by about 203.63 and 276.65 ton/day methanol production rate and CO2 consumption, respectively, based on LINMAP methods compared with the conventional methanol configuration. The results recommend that consuming optimized-SE-FMR for improvement of methanol production could be feasible and beneficial.

The ever-increasing population leads to establishing new educational centers. One of the important stages in school establishing, is selecting the optimal locations for them according to different objectives and criteria. The objectives are defined to determine well-distributed schools with balanced capacity and minimize the incompatibility of land-uses in the area. Increasing the related factors and criteria makes the location-allocation problem more complicated. Therefore, it is necessary to use efficient methods to solve it. In this paper, GIS, Multi-criteria DECISION MAKING methods and MULTI-OBJECTIVE evolutionary algorithm were used to location-allocation of multiple girls’ primary schools in region 17 of Tehran urban area. Equity in geographic access and balance of schools capacity were considered in optimization process. Furthermore, suitability of the selected sites was determined considering the distance from the compatible and incompatible land-uses of the area. Because of using a MULTI-OBJECTIVE evolutionary algorithm, multiple solutions are presented in results instead of only one solution. In this research, five solutions were selected and investigated. In the best solution according to the first objective function, although the suitability of sites is adequate, the capacities of schools are imbalanced. In the best solution according to the second objective function (equity in geographic access), the chosen sites are well-distributed, but the compatibility of the land-uses and suitability of the sites are not satisfactory. Similarly, in the best solution according to the third objective function (balance of schools capacity), compatibility of the land-uses and suitability of the sites are inappropriate. Anyway, DECISION-makers can compare different optimal solutions and choose one of them to implementation according to different relative importance of objective functions.

Orthodox microeconomics DECISION-MAKING models are based on optimization but in the real world, most of DECISIONs are institutionally and based on habits, rules and predetermined solutions. In this paper we have combined some concepts from cognitive-behavioral economics and new institutional economics to characterize institutional DECISION-MAKING. Evidences from cognitive and behavioral economics show that the mental costs of direct optimization, even in simplest forms, are high and agents tend to make DECISIONs institutionally to reduce this mental costs. Coase and Williamson argue that "non-zero transaction costs" can result “ hierarchy” replaced instead of “ market” and similarly we argue that "non-zero DECISION MAKING costs" can result “ institutional DECISION MAKING” replaced instead of “ direct optimization” . Religious behavior is a kind of institutional behavior (following religious rules and habits) and considering this view that institutional DECISION MAKING and direct optimization both are important and both have distinctive roles in DECISION MAKING process can influence microfoundations of Islamic economics.

The purpose of this research is to identify effective criteria for measuring competitive position of certain products of Shahdiran company, a regional major food and juice producer in Iran. To determine the criteria and their relative importance, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used by organizing a DECISION team consisting of 6 top managers of the company. Four major competitors (based on market share) were selected for comparison purposes. Cook and Seiford’s developed model which consists of 19 successive steps was used to determine the company’s competitive position. For that, questionnaires based on Saaty scale, were designed to determine; effective criteria, relative importance of each criterion, and company’s rank from retailer’s point of view.A survey research was also conducted to identify the position of other food product retailers in Mashhad as competitors. As a result, company's position in comparison with its four major competitors was determined through using 20 known criteria and market mix. The research further revealed that Alpha totally holds the first rank among its nearest competitors in the regional market while it holds rank 1 for product, 3 for price, 1 for place and finally the second rank for promotion.

Theoretically, the method and the extent of people's accessibility to the necessary information for DECISION MAKING have a direct effect on what is going on in the market. Given the fact that the investors financial behavior and the DECISION MAKING process in stock exchange originates from different factors, the present study sought to identify the influential factors. First the data was gathered through a questionnaire, then factor analysis was performed and finally, the political, economic and psychological factors along with the financial variables in the corporation were deeply investigated through course analysis and using Lisrel software. Findings indicated that the political, psychological, economic and financial factors respectively influenced the stock holders' DECISION MAKING at Tehran stock exchange.